A Review on the Dynamic Response Characteristics of Tunnels under Rayleigh Wave Excitation

Abstract

As a significant component of seismic waves, Rayleigh waves exhibit strong surface energy concentration, wide propagation range, and high destructive potential, which pose critical threats to the safety and stability of shallow-buried tunnels. This paper reviews the dynamic response characteristics of tunnels subjected to Rayleigh waves. The formation mechanism, motion pattern, and energy distribution of Rayleigh waves are first introduced, followed by a systematic summary of their influence on tunnel structures. Existing studies reveal that the multi-directional particle motions induced by Rayleigh waves, coupled with the complex soil–structure interaction, can lead to bending, torsion, and non-uniform stress states in tunnel linings. Key influencing factors include burial depth, soil properties, and lining stiffness. While considerable progress has been achieved through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and shaking table tests, challenges remain in addressing complex geological conditions, three-dimensional irregular wave fields, and nonlinear soil–structure coupling. Future research should emphasize multi-scale experimental validation, the development of advanced numerical models, and the exploration of active control and seismic isolation measures, with the goal of enhancing tunnel safety and resilience under strong seismic events.