Synergistic Mechanisms of Carbonated Bayer Red Mud in Enhancing Chloride Binding Capacity of Cement-Based Materials

Yujie Song; Mifeng Gou; Yanze Xiong; Jian Lu; Zhen Zhang; Hongxiao Chen; Mingyang Xu

doi:10.6919/ICJE.202604_12(4).0053

Authors

Yujie Song
Mifeng Gou
Yanze Xiong
Jian Lu
Zhen Zhang
Hongxiao Chen
Mingyang Xu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6919/ICJE.202604_12(4).0053

Keywords:

Carbonation; Bayer Red Mud; Chloride Binding; Friedel's Salt; Marine Engineering Materials.

Abstract

Bayer red mud (BRM), a solid waste, can be effectively treated through carbonation to decrease its alkalinity and improve its reactivity.This study introduces carbonated Bayer red mud (CBRM) as a supplementary cementitious material into the cement system, systematically revealing its influence mechanism on chloride ion (Cl^-) binding behavior and performance optimization pathways in marine environments. The evolution of phase composition and microstructural characteristics during the reaction process of the composite cementitious material system (OPC-CBRM) was analyzed using XRD, TG/DTG, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results showed that compared to ordinary Portland cement paste, the composite cement paste incorporating 30% CBRM exhibited increases of 40% and 68% in total bound chloride and chemically bound chloride contents, respectively, while the physically bound chloride content decreased by 12%.OPC-CBRM generates Friedel's salt (AFm-Cl) efficiently through the release of reactive Al³⁺ (secondary pozzolanic reaction) and the conversion of calcium carbonate to monocarbonate aluminate (AFm-CO₃), followed by Cl^-/CO₃^2- ion exchange. The Freundlich model demonstrates a higher goodness-of-fit than the Langmuir model for describing the relationship between free chloride and bound chloride.The presence of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ promotes the decomposition of AFt to form gibbsite. Specifically, Ca²⁺ increases chemically bound chloride content by 24%, while Mg²⁺ increases it by 13%. Sulfate attack reduces chemically bound chloride content: compared with Na₂SO₄ attack, MgSO₄ attack results in a 61% reduction, and CaSO₄ attack leads to a 60% reduction. It should be noted that CBRM incorporation reduces the compressive strength of cement-based materials, with strength decreasing progressively as CBRM content increases, primarily attributed to reduced C-S-H formation, retarded hydration by Na₂O, and insufficient filler effect of CaCO₃. This study provides theoretical foundation for red mud resource utilization and the design of highly durable marine cementitious materials, achieving the dual objectives of "solid waste management for corrosion control" and "carbon sequestration, " which is of significant importance for extending the service life of marine engineering structures.

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