From Dye-Sensitized to Perovskite: The Evolution and Promise of Perovskite Photovoltaic Technology

Abstract

The last thirty years have witnessed tremendous advances in photovoltaic technology. Photovoltaic technology has allowed for more effective and affordable solar energy conversion systems. The authors will follow the path of photovoltaic technology from the early days of the first generation, silicon based solar cells, to dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) to the emergence of perovskite solar cells (PSC). The authors have identified that there are numerous solar cells that have achieved efficiencies greater than 25% via power conversion efficiency (PCE) metrics. The authors have performed a systematic literature review to identify key milestones, innovative mechanisms and materials advancements that contributed to the transition from one generation of photovoltaic technology to another. The authors found that the major advancements that enabled the emergence of PSC included replacing liquid electrolytes with solid state hole conductor, perovskite is no longer simply a photosensitizer but rather an ambipolar thin film absorber and adopting inorganic hole transport layers including nickel oxide. While there has been significant development in the field, concerns remain regarding the potential for toxicity from lead and the long term durability of these systems. The authors conclude by providing a comprehensive historical account of the field and identifying areas where future research can be directed toward creating commercially viable and environmentally friendly PSCs.