Hexagonal Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Efficiently Sensing Illegal Drugs and Cyanides in THz Regime

She Li; Han Ding; Yingying Song; Jinpei Wang; Feng Wang; Hongwei Ding; Lanlan Xu

doi:10.6919/ICJE.202601_12(1).0003

Authors

She Li
Han Ding
Yingying Song
Jinpei Wang
Feng Wang
Hongwei Ding
Lanlan Xu

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.6919/ICJE.202601_12(1).0003

Keywords:

Terahertz; Photonic Crystal Fiber; Illegal Drug; Cyanide; Sensing.

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensing has significant potential for portable, integrated and rapid detection, particularly for on-site applications in public areas, because of the low photon energy, strong penetration ability of THz wave and the tailoring structure of PCF. THz-PCF sensing can be used to detect illegal drugs and cyanide, both of which are harmful to the human body. This paper investigates the sensing characteristics of THz-PCF with a hexagonal core using the finite element method (FEM) and analyzes the feasibility of the PCF for detecting illegal drugs and cyanide. The results showed that the relative sensitivities respectively reach to 99.482%, 99.301%, 99.854%, 99.689%, 98.404%, and 97.185% for amphetamine, cocaine, ketamine, morphine, sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) at 1.5 THz, and the PCF has an extremely low confinement loss. This indicates its promising potential for the detection of illegal drugs and cyanide.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

[1] D. Dragoman, M. Dragoman, Terahertz fields and applications, Progress in quantum electronics 28(2004) 1-66.

[2] P. Mukherjee, B. Gupta, Terahertz (THz) frequency sources and antennas-A brief review, International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 29(2008) 1091-1102.

[3] M. Zhang, J.T.W. Yeow, Nanotechnology-Based Terahertz Biological Sensing: A review of its current state and things to come, IEEE Nanotechnology Magazine 10(2016) 30-38.

[4] C. Wang, F. Shi, M. Zhao, J. Ao, S. Chen, Convolutional Neural Network-Based Terahertz Spectral Classification of Liquid Contraband for Security Inspection, IEEE Sensors Journal 21(2021) 18955-18963.

[5] J. Yang, L. Qi, B. Li, L. Wu, D. Shi, J.A. Uqaili, X. Tao, A terahertz metamaterial sensor used for distinguishing glucose concentration, Results in Physics 26(2021) 104332.

[6] H Lv, S Li, High sensitivity terahertz biomedical sensing with graphene metamaterial, Optics Communications 566(2024) 130708.

[7] Q. Shangguan, Y. Zhao, Z. Song, J. Wang, H. Yang, J. Chen, C. Liu, S. Cheng, W. Yang, Z. Yi, High sensitivity active adjustable graphene absorber for refractive index sensing applications, Diamond and Related Materials 128(2022) 109273.

[8] R. Wang, J. Han, J. Liu, H, Tian, W, Sun, L. Li, X. Chen, Multi-foci metalens for terahertz polarization detection, Optics Letters 45(2020) 3506-3509.

[9] W. Li, Y. Liu, L. Ling, Z. Sheng, S. Cheng, Z. Yi, P. Wu, Q. Zeng, B. Tang, S. Ahmad, The tunable absorber films of grating structure of AlCuFe quasicrystal with high Q and refractive index sensitivity, Surfaces and interfaces 48(2024) 104248.

[10] P. Knobloch, C. Schildknecht, T. Kleine-Ostmann, M. Koch, S. Hoffmann, M. Hofmann, E. Rehberg, M. Sperling, K. Donhuijsen, G. Hein, Medical THz imaging: an investigation of histo-pathological samples, Physics in Medicine & Biology 47(2002) 3875.

[11] T.A. Birks, J.C. Knight, P.S.J. Russell, Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber, Optics Letters 22(1997) 961-963.

[12] S.A. Razzak, Y. Namihira, M.A. Hossain, A. Khaleque, Designing birefringence ofindex-guiding non-hexagonal photonic crystal fibers, Journal of Optics 40(2011) 56-64.

[13] J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.S.J. Russell, J.P. De Sandro, “Properties of photonic crystal fiber and the effective index model, Journal of the Optical Society of America A 15(1998) 748-752.

[14] X. Yang, Y. Lu, B. Liu, J. Yao, Analysis of graphene-based photonic crystal fiber sensor using birefringence and surface plasmon resonance, Plasmonics 12(2017) 489-496.

[15] T. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Feng, P. Sun, L. Su, R. Zhao, L. Ran, Y. Gao, Terahertz cancer cell sensor based on plasmonic toroidal metasurface, Optics Communications 575(2025) 131267.

[16] R. Zhou, C. Wang, Y. Huang, K. Huang, Y. Wang, W. Xu, L. Xie, Y. Ying, Label-free terahertz microfluidic biosensor for sensitive DNA detection using graphene-metasurface hybrid structures, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 188(2021) 113336.

[17] H. Yoshida, Y. Ogawa, Y. Kawai, S. Hayashi, A. Hayashi, C. Otani, E. Kato, F. Miyamaru, K. Kawase, Terahertz sensing method for protein detection using a thin metallic mesh, Applied physics letters 91(2007) 253901.

[18] M.S. Islam, J. Sultana, K. Ahmed, M.R. Islam, A. Dinovitser, B.W.H. Ng, D. Abbott, A novel approach for spectroscopic chemical identification using photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime, IEEE Sensors Journal 18(2017) 575-582.

[19] M.S. Islam, J. Sultana, A. Dinovitser, K. Ahmed, B.W.H. Ng, D. Abbott, Sensing of toxic chemicals using polarized photonic crystal fiber in the terahertz regime, Optics Communications 426(2018): 341-347.

[20] S.R. Tahhan, H.K. Aljobouri, Sensing of illegal drugs by using photonic crystal fiber in terahertz Regime, Journal of Optical Communications 44(2020) s505-s515.

[21] A.A.M. Bulbul, M.A. Awal, M.E. Rahaman, F. Imam, E. Podder, M.S. Ahmed, M.B. Hossain, H.S. Mondal, F. Iqbal, Highly sensitive photonic crystal fiber for illegal drugs detection in THz regime, 2020 11th International Conference on computing, communication and networking technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE(2020) 1-6.

[22] M.K. Monir, M.S. Uddin, S. Sen, Design of a novel photonic crystal fiber and numerical analysis of sensitivity for the detection of illegal drugs in terahertz regime, Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 39(2023) 100551.

[23] E. Lounkine, M.J. Keiser, S. Whitebread, D. Mikhailov, J. Hamon, J.L. Jenkins, P. Lavan, E. Weber, A.K. Doak, S. Cté, Large-scale prediction and testing of drug activity on side-effect targets, Nature 486(2012) 361-367.

[24] S. Erdemir, S. Malkondu, On-site and low-cost detection of cyanide by simple colorimetric and fluorogenic sensors: Smartphone and test strip applications, Talanta 207(2020) 120278.

[25] V.S. Chaudhary, D. Kumar, TOPAS based porous core photonic crystal fiber for terahertz chemical sensor, Optik 223(2020) 165562.

[26] M.S. Islam, J. Sultana, A. Dinovitser, B.W.H. Ng, D. Abbott, A novel Zeonex based oligoporous-core photonic crystal fiber for polarization preserving terahertz applications, Optics Communications 413(2018) 242-248.

[27] A.A.M. Bulbul, F. Imam, M.A. Awal, M.A.P. Mahmud, A novel ultra-low loss rectangle-based porous-core PCF for efficient THz waveguidance: design and numerical analysis, Sensors 20 (2020) 6500.

[28] M. Yamazaki, Industrialization and application development of cyclo-olefin polymer, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 213(2004) 81-87.

[29] I.K. Yakasai, A. Rahman, P.E. Abas, F. Begum, Theoretical Assessment of a Porous Core Photonic Crystal Fiber for Terahertz Wave Propagation, Journal of Optical Communications 43(2022) 199-209.

[30] J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, D.M. Atkin, P.S.J. Russell, Pure silica single-mode fibre with hexagonal photonic crystal cladding, Optical fiber communication conference. Optica Publishing Group (1996) PD3.

[31] C.M.B. Cordeiro, E.M. Dos Santos, C.H. Brito Cruz, C.J.S. de Matos, D.S. Ferreira, Lateral access to the holes of photonic crystal fibers-selective filling and sensing applications, Optics Express 14(2006) 8403-8412.

[32] S. Atakaramians, S. Afshar V, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, M. Nagel, B.M. Fischer, D. Abbott, T.M. Monro, THz porous fibers: design, fabrication and experimental characterization, Optics Express 17(2009) 14053-14062.

[33] I. Ishida, T. Akamatsu, Z. Wang, Y. Sasaki, K. Takenaga, S. Matsuo, Possibility of stack and draw process as fabrication technology for multi-core fiber, 2013 optical fiber communication conference and exposition and the national fiber optic engineers conference (OFC/NFOEC) IEEE(2013) 1-3.

[34] P. Zhang, J. Zhang, P. Yang, S. Dai, X. Wang, W. Zhang, Fabrication of chalcogenide glass photonic crystal fibers with mechanical drilling, Optical Fiber Technology 26(2015) 176-179.

[35] H. El Hamzaoui, Y. Ouerdane, L. Bigot, G. Bouwmans, B. Capoen, A. Boukenter, S. Girard, M. Bouazaoui, Sol-gel derived ionic copper-doped microstructured optical fiber: a potential selective ultraviolet radiation dosimeter, Optics Express 20(2012) 29751-29760.

[36] A. Ghazanfari, W. Li, M.C. Leu, G.E. Hilmas, A novel freeform extrusion fabrication process for producing solid ceramic components with uniform layered radiation drying, Additive Manufacturing 15(2017) 102-112.

[37] H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, J. Schuppich, A. Dowler, L. Lima-Marques, T.M. Monro, 3D-printed extrusion dies: a versatile approach to optical material processing, Optical Materials Express 4(2014) 1494-1504.

[38] M.R. Sardar, M. Faisal, Methane gas sensor based on microstructured highly sensitive hybrid porous core photonic crystal fiber, Journal of Sensor technology 9(2019): 12-26.

[39] S. Asaduzzaman, K. Ahmed, Proposal of a gas sensor with high sensitivity, birefringence and nonlinearity for air pollution monitoring, Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 10(2016) 20-26.

[40] M.A. Habib, E. Reyes-Vera, J. Villegas-Aristizabal, M.S. Anower, Numerical modeling of a rectangular hollow-core waveguide for the detection of fuel adulteration in terahertz region, Fibers 8(2020) 63.

[41] A.A.M. Bulbul, R.H. Jibon, S. Biswas, S.T. Pasha, M.A. Sayeed, Photonic crystal fiber-based blood components detection in THz regime: Design and simulation, Sensors International 2(2021) 100081.

[42] A.M. Maidi, P.E. Abas, P.I. Petra, S. Kaijage, N. Zou, F. Begum, Theoretical considerations of photonic crystal fiber with all uniform-sized air holes for liquid sensing, Photonics 8(2021) 249..

[43] 43. J. Sultana, M.S. Islam, J. Atai, M.R. Islam, D. Abbott, Near-zero dispersion flattened, low-loss porous-core waveguide design for terahertz signal transmission, Optical Engineering 56(2017) 076114-076114.

[44] J. Sultana, M.S. Islam, M.R. Islam, D. Abbott, High numerical aperture, highly birefringent novel photonic crystal fibre for medical imaging applications, Electronics Letters 54(2018) 61-62.